Australia

Australia has ratified four of the six Conventions and Protocols that assist in the protection of children in the context of migration. Australia is currently in the process of ratifying the Optional Protocol to the Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (OPCAT), which provides another avenue of oversight for places where people are detained. The Australian Government currently has a reservation on the Article 37(c) of the CRC which requires that children are not detained with adults.

Currently, Australia does not have any laws that prevent the immigration detention of children.

Australia has a number of policies and practices that enable the processing of children in a manner that is sensitive to their needs, such as the Procedures Advice Manual (PAM) for age determination of asylum seekers and boat crews. A Best Interest Determination process is undertaken for most, if not all, children in Australia, however there are significant concerns regarding the implementation of the Best Interest Determination.

Some practices however are clearly not in the child’s best interest. As of 22 March 2014, minors who arrive in Australia by boat are barred from proposing their family for resettlement to Australia. While the Australian government recognises that family reunion would be in the best interest of minors, it considers that this is outweighed by the need to maintain the integrity of Australia’s migration system by deterring minors from taking boat journeys. The guardian of unaccompanied children in Australia is the Immigration Minister, who is the same authority responsible for the child’s migration determination.

Australia has worked to reduce the number of children held in detention facilities by establishing alternative options. These well-established programs achieve government objectives while saving money and protecting children’s health and wellbeing. Alternatives are already being widely used. Less than 5 children are currently held in detention facilities out of the 3,450 children currently in Australia with unresolved migration status – that’s only 0.1% of all cases currently in Australia. Further, community options are at least 60% cheaper than immigration detention. Significantly, previous Labor and Liberal Ministers for Immigration have stated that holding children for prolonged periods in detention centres does not deter people smugglers or asylum seekers.

The government endeavours to place families with children in community options, either through a Residence Determination (colloquially referred to as “community detention”) or through the grant of a Bridging Visa. However, all these placements are subject to reporting requirements and, at times, restrictions on work rights. In addition, bridging visas must be renewed on a regular basis and the renewal process is experienced as a looming threat.

Australia provides for basic rights of some populations to be met, although the experiences of those children who are unaccompanied and in families who are living under ‘Community Detention’ arrangements, and families on a Bridging Visa E (BVE), are vastly different. Unaccompanied children, and families with children, who are placed in ‘Community Detention’ have access to shelter, food and healthcare, but their parents do not have access to work rights, which has a significant psychological impact on the family unit.

Families on BVEs have to rent their own housing through the private housing market, with very limited access to income support that is insufficient for the price of housing in Australia. Those in this category are at a high risk of homelessness. Additionally, even if work rights have been allocated, significant barriers exist in terms of access to the job market, and also obtaining the necessary skills and qualifications to secure available work.

Children in both situations can attend school, although access to higher education is limited. No firewall legislation exists within Australia – which has led to situations such as the Department of Immigration utilising information from service providers, and detaining people.

An immigration official makes the decision to detain in Australia, as there is mandatory immigration detention without a mandated time limit in place. There is no judicial review or control of decisions to detain. Currently several independent bodies can monitor immigration detention although only the Human Rights Commission reports publicly and none of the recommendations of any monitoring body are legally binding. Immigration detention statistics are regularly published with information about age, sex, ethnicity, placement, length of detention and reason for detention. Statistics published do not report on the length of time children are detained.

The average number of children detained by Australia from December 2016-17 was around 47, less than 5 in onshore detention centers and 42 in offshore detention in another country which Australia has an agreement with, Nauru. Under Australian law there is no legal limit to the time a child can be held in immigration detention, and reports have shown that children have been held in detention for a concerning amount of time – an average of 231 days. Australia is known to maintain a policy to intercept boats at sea and return the people on board to the country of departure, which is usually Indonesia. Indonesia detains children who do not have legal status in that country. This interception policy has also resulted in at least one reported incidence of detention at sea. Children who are born in Australia to parents who have arrived by boat, are considered an Irregular Maritime Arrival which impacts their ability to access services and the children are at risk of being Stateless.

Australia was one of the UN Member States that committed to «working towards» ending detention of children as part of New York Declaration. The Australian Government made efforts to considerably reduce the number of children in detention onshore. The Australian Prime Minister Turnbull has stated that «one child in detention is one too many» and the Minister for Immigration and Border Protection has directed the Department that ‘we are to have zero children in immigration detention’. However, this political will is yet to be translated into legislation to ensure that future governments are mandated to replicate this practice.